mqtt/vendor/github.com/asdine/storm/v3

Storm

Storm is a simple and powerful toolkit for BoltDB. Basically, Storm provides indexes, a wide range of methods to store and fetch data, an advanced query system, and much more.

In addition to the examples below, see also the examples in the GoDoc.

For extended queries and support for Badger, see also Genji

Table of Contents

• Getting Started
• Import Storm
• Open a database
• Simple CRUD system
  • Declare your structures
  • Save your object
    • Auto Increment
  • Simple queries
    • Fetch one object
    • Fetch multiple objects
    • Fetch all objects
    • Fetch all objects sorted by index
    • Fetch a range of objects
    • Fetch objects by prefix
    • Skip, Limit and Reverse
    • Delete an object
    • Update an object
    • Initialize buckets and indexes before saving an object
    • Drop a bucket
    • Re-index a bucket
  • Advanced queries
  • Transactions
  • Options
    • BoltOptions
    • MarshalUnmarshaler
      • Provided Codecs
    • Use existing Bolt connection
    • Batch mode
• Nodes and nested buckets
  • Node options
• Simple Key/Value store
• BoltDB
• License
• Credits

Getting Started

GO111MODULE=on go get -u github.com/asdine/storm/v3

Import Storm

import "github.com/asdine/storm/v3"

Open a database

Quick way of opening a database

db, err := storm.Open("my.db")

defer db.Close()

Open can receive multiple options to customize the way it behaves. See Options below

Simple CRUD system

Declare your structures

type User struct {
  ID int // primary key
  Group string `storm:"index"` // this field will be indexed
  Email string `storm:"unique"` // this field will be indexed with a unique constraint
  Name string // this field will not be indexed
  Age int `storm:"index"`
}

The primary key can be of any type as long as it is not a zero value. Storm will search for the tag id, if not present Storm will search for a field named ID.

type User struct {
  ThePrimaryKey string `storm:"id"`// primary key
  Group string `storm:"index"` // this field will be indexed
  Email string `storm:"unique"` // this field will be indexed with a unique constraint
  Name string // this field will not be indexed
}

Storm handles tags in nested structures with the inline tag

type Base struct {
  Ident bson.ObjectId `storm:"id"`
}

type User struct {
  Base      `storm:"inline"`
  Group     string `storm:"index"`
  Email     string `storm:"unique"`
  Name      string
  CreatedAt time.Time `storm:"index"`
}

Save your object

user := User{
  ID: 10,
  Group: "staff",
  Email: "john@provider.com",
  Name: "John",
  Age: 21,
  CreatedAt: time.Now(),
}

err := db.Save(&user)
// err == nil

user.ID++
err = db.Save(&user)
// err == storm.ErrAlreadyExists

That's it.

Save creates or updates all the required indexes and buckets, checks the unique constraints and saves the object to the store.

Auto Increment

Storm can auto increment integer values so you don't have to worry about that when saving your objects. Also, the new value is automatically inserted in your field.

type Product struct {
  Pk                  int `storm:"id,increment"` // primary key with auto increment
  Name                string
  IntegerField        uint64 `storm:"increment"`
  IndexedIntegerField uint32 `storm:"index,increment"`
  UniqueIntegerField  int16  `storm:"unique,increment=100"` // the starting value can be set
}

p := Product{Name: "Vaccum Cleaner"}

fmt.Println(p.Pk)
fmt.Println(p.IntegerField)
fmt.Println(p.IndexedIntegerField)
fmt.Println(p.UniqueIntegerField)
// 0
// 0
// 0
// 0

_ = db.Save(&p)

fmt.Println(p.Pk)
fmt.Println(p.IntegerField)
fmt.Println(p.IndexedIntegerField)
fmt.Println(p.UniqueIntegerField)
// 1
// 1
// 1
// 100

Simple queries

Any object can be fetched, indexed or not. Storm uses indexes when available, otherwise it uses the query system.

Fetch one object

var user User
err := db.One("Email", "john@provider.com", &user)
// err == nil

err = db.One("Name", "John", &user)
// err == nil

err = db.One("Name", "Jack", &user)
// err == storm.ErrNotFound

Fetch multiple objects

var users []User
err := db.Find("Group", "staff", &users)

Fetch all objects

var users []User
err := db.All(&users)

Fetch all objects sorted by index

var users []User
err := db.AllByIndex("CreatedAt", &users)

Fetch a range of objects

var users []User
err := db.Range("Age", 10, 21, &users)

Fetch objects by prefix

var users []User
err := db.Prefix("Name", "Jo", &users)

Skip, Limit and Reverse

var users []User
err := db.Find("Group", "staff", &users, storm.Skip(10))
err = db.Find("Group", "staff", &users, storm.Limit(10))
err = db.Find("Group", "staff", &users, storm.Reverse())
err = db.Find("Group", "staff", &users, storm.Limit(10), storm.Skip(10), storm.Reverse())

err = db.All(&users, storm.Limit(10), storm.Skip(10), storm.Reverse())
err = db.AllByIndex("CreatedAt", &users, storm.Limit(10), storm.Skip(10), storm.Reverse())
err = db.Range("Age", 10, 21, &users, storm.Limit(10), storm.Skip(10), storm.Reverse())

Delete an object

err := db.DeleteStruct(&user)

Update an object

// Update multiple fields
err := db.Update(&User{ID: 10, Name: "Jack", Age: 45})

// Update a single field
err := db.UpdateField(&User{ID: 10}, "Age", 0)

Initialize buckets and indexes before saving an object

err := db.Init(&User{})

Useful when starting your application

Drop a bucket

Using the struct

err := db.Drop(&User)

Using the bucket name

err := db.Drop("User")

Re-index a bucket

err := db.ReIndex(&User{})

Useful when the structure has changed

Advanced queries

For more complex queries, you can use the Select method. Select takes any number of Matcher from the q package.

Here are some common Matchers:

// Equality
q.Eq("Name", John)

// Strictly greater than
q.Gt("Age", 7)

// Lesser than or equal to
q.Lte("Age", 77)

// Regex with name that starts with the letter D
q.Re("Name", "^D")

// In the given slice of values
q.In("Group", []string{"Staff", "Admin"})

// Comparing fields
q.EqF("FieldName", "SecondFieldName")
q.LtF("FieldName", "SecondFieldName")
q.GtF("FieldName", "SecondFieldName")
q.LteF("FieldName", "SecondFieldName")
q.GteF("FieldName", "SecondFieldName")

Matchers can also be combined with And, Or and Not:

// Match if all match
q.And(
  q.Gt("Age", 7),
  q.Re("Name", "^D")
)

// Match if one matches
q.Or(
  q.Re("Name", "^A"),
  q.Not(
    q.Re("Name", "^B")
  ),
  q.Re("Name", "^C"),
  q.In("Group", []string{"Staff", "Admin"}),
  q.And(
    q.StrictEq("Password", []byte(password)),
    q.Eq("Registered", true)
  )
)

You can find the complete list in the documentation.

Select takes any number of matchers and wraps them into a q.And() so it's not necessary to specify it. It returns a Query type.

query := db.Select(q.Gte("Age", 7), q.Lte("Age", 77))

The Query type contains methods to filter and order the records.

// Limit
query = query.Limit(10)

// Skip
query = query.Skip(20)

// Calls can also be chained
query = query.Limit(10).Skip(20).OrderBy("Age").Reverse()

But also to specify how to fetch them.

var users []User
err = query.Find(&users)

var user User
err = query.First(&user)

Examples with Select:

// Find all users with an ID between 10 and 100
err = db.Select(q.Gte("ID", 10), q.Lte("ID", 100)).Find(&users)

// Nested matchers
err = db.Select(q.Or(
  q.Gt("ID", 50),
  q.Lt("Age", 21),
  q.And(
    q.Eq("Group", "admin"),
    q.Gte("Age", 21),
  ),
)).Find(&users)

query := db.Select(q.Gte("ID", 10), q.Lte("ID", 100)).Limit(10).Skip(5).Reverse().OrderBy("Age", "Name")

// Find multiple records
err = query.Find(&users)
// or
err = db.Select(q.Gte("ID", 10), q.Lte("ID", 100)).Limit(10).Skip(5).Reverse().OrderBy("Age", "Name").Find(&users)

// Find first record
err = query.First(&user)
// or
err = db.Select(q.Gte("ID", 10), q.Lte("ID", 100)).Limit(10).Skip(5).Reverse().OrderBy("Age", "Name").First(&user)

// Delete all matching records
err = query.Delete(new(User))

// Fetching records one by one (useful when the bucket contains a lot of records)
query = db.Select(q.Gte("ID", 10),q.Lte("ID", 100)).OrderBy("Age", "Name")

err = query.Each(new(User), func(record interface{}) error) {
  u := record.(*User)
  ...
  return nil
}

See the documentation for a complete list of methods.

Transactions

tx, err := db.Begin(true)
if err != nil {
  return err
}
defer tx.Rollback()

accountA.Amount -= 100
accountB.Amount += 100

err = tx.Save(accountA)
if err != nil {
  return err
}

err = tx.Save(accountB)
if err != nil {
  return err
}

return tx.Commit()

Options

Storm options are functions that can be passed when constructing you Storm instance. You can pass it any number of options.

BoltOptions

By default, Storm opens a database with the mode 0600 and a timeout of one second. You can change this behavior by using BoltOptions

db, err := storm.Open("my.db", storm.BoltOptions(0600, &bolt.Options{Timeout: 1 * time.Second}))

MarshalUnmarshaler

To store the data in BoltDB, Storm marshals it in JSON by default. If you wish to change this behavior you can pass a codec that implements codec.MarshalUnmarshaler via the storm.Codec option:

db := storm.Open("my.db", storm.Codec(myCodec))

Provided Codecs

You can easily implement your own MarshalUnmarshaler, but Storm comes with built-in support for JSON (default), GOB, Sereal, Protocol Buffers and MessagePack.

These can be used by importing the relevant package and use that codec to configure Storm. The example below shows all variants (without proper error handling):

import (
  "github.com/asdine/storm/v3"
  "github.com/asdine/storm/v3/codec/gob"
  "github.com/asdine/storm/v3/codec/json"
  "github.com/asdine/storm/v3/codec/sereal"
  "github.com/asdine/storm/v3/codec/protobuf"
  "github.com/asdine/storm/v3/codec/msgpack"
)

var gobDb, _ = storm.Open("gob.db", storm.Codec(gob.Codec))
var jsonDb, _ = storm.Open("json.db", storm.Codec(json.Codec))
var serealDb, _ = storm.Open("sereal.db", storm.Codec(sereal.Codec))
var protobufDb, _ = storm.Open("protobuf.db", storm.Codec(protobuf.Codec))
var msgpackDb, _ = storm.Open("msgpack.db", storm.Codec(msgpack.Codec))

Tip: Adding Storm tags to generated Protobuf files can be tricky. A good solution is to use this tool to inject the tags during the compilation.

Use existing Bolt connection

You can use an existing connection and pass it to Storm

bDB, _ := bolt.Open(filepath.Join(dir, "bolt.db"), 0600, &bolt.Options{Timeout: 10 * time.Second})
db := storm.Open("my.db", storm.UseDB(bDB))

Batch mode

Batch mode can be enabled to speed up concurrent writes (see Batch read-write transactions)

db := storm.Open("my.db", storm.Batch())

Nodes and nested buckets

Storm takes advantage of BoltDB nested buckets feature by using storm.Node. A storm.Node is the underlying object used by storm.DB to manipulate a bucket. To create a nested bucket and use the same API as storm.DB, you can use the DB.From method.

repo := db.From("repo")

err := repo.Save(&Issue{
  Title: "I want more features",
  Author: user.ID,
})

err = repo.Save(newRelease("0.10"))

var issues []Issue
err = repo.Find("Author", user.ID, &issues)

var release Release
err = repo.One("Tag", "0.10", &release)

You can also chain the nodes to create a hierarchy

chars := db.From("characters")
heroes := chars.From("heroes")
enemies := chars.From("enemies")

items := db.From("items")
potions := items.From("consumables").From("medicine").From("potions")

You can even pass the entire hierarchy as arguments to From:

privateNotes := db.From("notes", "private")
workNotes :=  db.From("notes", "work")

Node options

A Node can also be configured. Activating an option on a Node creates a copy, so a Node is always thread-safe.

n := db.From("my-node")

Give a bolt.Tx transaction to the Node

n = n.WithTransaction(tx)

Enable batch mode

n = n.WithBatch(true)

Use a Codec

n = n.WithCodec(gob.Codec)

Simple Key/Value store

Storm can be used as a simple, robust, key/value store that can store anything. The key and the value can be of any type as long as the key is not a zero value.

Saving data :

db.Set("logs", time.Now(), "I'm eating my breakfast man")
db.Set("sessions", bson.NewObjectId(), &someUser)
db.Set("weird storage", "754-3010", map[string]interface{}{
  "hair": "blonde",
  "likes": []string{"cheese", "star wars"},
})

Fetching data :

user := User{}
db.Get("sessions", someObjectId, &user)

var details map[string]interface{}
db.Get("weird storage", "754-3010", &details)

db.Get("sessions", someObjectId, &details)

Deleting data :

db.Delete("sessions", someObjectId)
db.Delete("weird storage", "754-3010")

You can find other useful methods in the documentation.

BoltDB

BoltDB is still easily accessible and can be used as usual

db.Bolt.View(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error {
  bucket := tx.Bucket([]byte("my bucket"))
  val := bucket.Get([]byte("any id"))
  fmt.Println(string(val))
  return nil
})

A transaction can be also be passed to Storm

db.Bolt.Update(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error {
  ...
  dbx := db.WithTransaction(tx)
  err = dbx.Save(&user)
  ...
  return nil
})

License

MIT

Credits

• Asdine El Hrychy
• Bjørn Erik Pedersen